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Protein complexes are assemblies of two or more proteins that interact to perform specific biological functions. These complexes are fundamental to various cellular processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, and DNA replication. The proteins within a complex often have distinct functions, but their interactions are crucial for the complex to carry out its biological role effectively.

Protein complexes can be classified based on their structure and function. Some are permanent, while others are transient and form only under specific conditions. The interactions between proteins in a complex can be mediated by various types of bonds, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds. Additionally, protein complexes often involve regulatory proteins that control their formation and activity.

The study of protein complexes is essential for understanding cellular mechanisms and for developing targeted therapies for diseases. Techniques such as co-immunoprecipitation, affinity purification, and mass spectrometry are commonly used to identify and characterize protein complexes. Advances in structural biology and bioinformatics have also provided deeper insights into the dynamics and functions of these complexes.

In summary, protein complexes are vital for cellular function and are the subject of extensive research. Their study not only enhances our understanding of biological processes but also holds promise for medical applications.