proinflammatorikus

Proinflammatory refers to processes, mediators, or states that promote inflammation. Inflammation is a protective response to infection or tissue injury, marked by symptoms such as redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes loss of function. Proinflammatory mediators are produced by various cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes, and they act through specific receptors to amplify the inflammatory response.

Key proinflammatory mediators include cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); chemokines such as IL-8; lipid mediators such as prostaglandins (notably PGE2) and leukotrienes (notably LTB4); as well as histamine and nitric oxide. These signals promote vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and the recruitment and activation of immune cells like neutrophils and monocytes to sites of injury or infection.

Proinflammatory signaling is essential for pathogen clearance and tissue repair, but when it is excessive or chronically sustained it can cause tissue damage and contribute to disease. Chronic proinflammatory states are associated with conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, and certain neurodegenerative disorders.

Therapeutically, reducing proinflammatory signaling is a common approach in treating inflammatory diseases, using agents that block specific cytokines or enzymes involved in production of proinflammatory mediators, as well as strategies aimed at promoting the resolution of inflammation.