preanalyyttiseen

Preanalyyttiseen is the Finnish term used to describe the preanalytical phase of clinical laboratory testing. In English, this corresponds to the preanalytical stage, which includes all activities that occur before a specimen is analyzed. The term is used in research, guidelines, and quality management to distinguish these early steps from the analytical measurement itself and from post-analytical reporting.

Key components of the preanalytical phase include patient preparation (such as fasting requirements or withholding certain medications), specimen collection (venipuncture or capillary sampling), specimen labeling, transport and handling, separation of specimens (centrifugation if needed), storage, and preparation for analysis (aliquotting, dilution, or chemical preservation).

Preanalytical factors can profoundly affect test results. Errors here are a major source of laboratory mistakes; estimates suggest that a large portion of total errors originate before analysis, potentially compromising patient safety and increasing costs.

Quality management for preanalytical work relies on standardized procedures (SOPs), staff training, and monitoring of performance indicators. International standards such as ISO 15189 and CLSI guidelines advocate robust labeling, traceability (barcoding), timely transport, proper tube selection, and validated storage conditions to reduce risk.

Common preanalytical errors include mislabeling, use of incorrect collection tubes, incorrect fasting status, inadequate sample volume, hemolysis from rough venipuncture, tourniquet-related issues, and delays in transport or processing. Understanding and controlling these factors is essential for reliable laboratory results and patient care.