polyamins

Polyamines are organic molecules containing more than one amino group. They are ubiquitous in all living cells, playing crucial roles in various biological processes. The most common and well-studied polyamines in eukaryotes are putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. These molecules are positively charged at physiological pH, which allows them to interact with negatively charged biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and phospholipids.

The biosynthesis of polyamines begins with the decarboxylation of amino acids, typically ornithine or arginine. These precursors are then sequentially modified by enzymes to form spermidine and spermine. The cellular levels of polyamines are tightly regulated by a complex interplay of synthesis, degradation, and transport mechanisms.

Polyamines are essential for cell growth and proliferation. They stabilize DNA structure, promote DNA replication and transcription, and are involved in RNA processing and translation. They also play a role in cell differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Aberrant polyamine metabolism has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, making them a subject of significant research interest. Their ability to interact with nucleic acids has also led to investigations into their potential therapeutic applications.