polimerizacijos

Polimerizacija is a chemical process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a large network molecule, called a polymer. This process can occur through various mechanisms, leading to different types of polymers.

The most common types of polymerization are addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. In addition polymerization, monomers add to one another in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the monomer units. This process typically involves reactive intermediates like free radicals, cations, or anions. Examples include the formation of polyethylene from ethylene and polyvinyl chloride from vinyl chloride.

Condensation polymerization, on the other hand, involves the reaction between monomers with the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, methanol, or hydrogen chloride. The resulting polymer does not contain all the atoms of the original monomer units. Examples include the formation of polyesters from diols and dicarboxylic acids, and polyamides (nylons) from diamines and dicarboxylic acids.

Polymerization can be initiated by heat, light, or catalysts. The rate of polymerization and the properties of the resulting polymer are influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, concentration of monomers, and the type of initiator used. Understanding polymerization is crucial in the production of a wide range of materials, including plastics, rubbers, fibers, and adhesives, which are essential in modern life.