plyny

Plyny, or gases, are one of the fundamental states of matter. They consist of a large number of freely moving particles that fill and take the shape of their container. Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume; under ordinary conditions they are highly compressible and have low density compared with liquids and solids. The motion and rapid dispersal of gas molecules lead to rapid mixing and diffusion, allowing gases to spread quickly through available space.

According to kinetic theory, gas particles exhibit random motion and collide elastically, transferring energy but not losing it overall. The behavior of gases is described by the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, which relates pressure, volume, amount of substance, and temperature. Real gases deviate from ideality at high pressures or low temperatures, and are more accurately described by equations such as the Van der Waals equation. Gas mixtures follow Dalton's law of partial pressures, where the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of components. Common atmospheric gases include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide; water vapor content varies with conditions.

Gases have wide-ranging applications in industry and everyday life, from combustion and chemical synthesis to cooling and cryogenics. They are stored and transported in pressurized containers and require careful regulation to ensure safety. Some gases are flammable, toxic, or greenhouse gases, contributing to environmental and health considerations. Methods to separate and purify gases include fractional distillation, cryogenic techniques, and membrane separation.