plusvalues

Plus-values is a term used chiefly in French-speaking jurisdictions to denote capital gains—the positive difference between the disposal price of an asset and its acquisition cost, after allowable costs. The term can refer to gains realized on a wide range of assets, including real estate, financial securities, businesses, and other investments. In many legal frameworks a distinction is made between plus-values réalisées, gains that have been realized through sale, and plus-values latentes, unrealized gains on assets still held.

Calculation of plus-values follows a basic principle: sale price minus purchase price minus selling costs and directly attributable expenses. Depending on the regime, adjustments such as inflation indexation, improvements, or other deductions may apply. Holding period, asset type, and taxpayer status can influence the final amount subject to taxation or the exemptions available.

Taxation of plus-values is common across many jurisdictions, though rates and rules vary. Plus-values are typically taxed as capital gains and may incur additional charges or social contributions. Some systems distinguish real estate from financial assets, with separate rates and reliefs, including exemptions after long holding periods, thresholds, or reinvestment provisions.

In practice, the term encompasses both real estate gains and gains on investments, with the specific treatment governed by national or regional tax laws. The concept is central to accounting and taxation, influencing asset disposition strategies and investment decisions.