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The pineal gland, also known as the pineal body, is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. It is part of the endocrine system and produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the regulation of sleep-wake cycles and other circadian rhythms. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres. It is roughly the size of a grain of rice.

Historically, the pineal gland was often referred to as the "third eye" by some ancient cultures and philosophers, thought to be a spiritual organ or a conduit to higher consciousness. Modern science, however, focuses on its physiological functions. The gland's primary role is to produce and secrete melatonin. This production is influenced by light exposure; darkness stimulates melatonin release, signaling the body to prepare for sleep, while light suppresses it.

The pineal gland also plays a role in regulating other bodily functions, including seasonal rhythms, and may be involved in mood regulation and reproductive maturation, although research in these areas is ongoing. Its calcification is a common phenomenon that occurs with age, and the extent of calcification has been studied in relation to various health conditions. Despite its small size, the pineal gland is a significant component of the brain's complex regulatory systems.