phenolische

Phenolische is a German term used in chemistry to describe substances that are phenolic or related to phenol. In English, the corresponding adjective is phenolic. The designation covers phenols themselves, as well as a broad family of compounds and materials that contain one or more phenolic (hydroxy) groups attached to an aromatic ring, or that are derived from phenol.

Chemical characteristics of phenolische substances include the presence of a phenolic hydroxyl group, which gives the molecules distinctive acidity and reactivity compared to aliphatic alcohols. Phenols can form phenoxides when deprotonated, participate in electrophilic aromatic substitution, and undergo oxidation to quinones. Many phenolic compounds also exhibit antioxidant properties and can engage in polymerization or condensation reactions, leading to a range of materials from resins to natural products.

Classes and examples

- Phenols: simple phenol, cresols, and related compounds.

- Polyphenols: tannins, flavonoids, lignin-derived substances, and various plant polyphenols with biological activity.

- Phenolic resins: thermosetting plastics such as novolaks and resols, used in coatings, adhesives, and molding compounds.

Applications and contexts

- Industrial uses include disinfectants and antiseptics historically associated with phenolic chemistry, as well as adhesives and coatings based on phenolic resins.

- In nature, phenolic compounds are common in plants and contribute to pigmentation, flavor, and defense against herbivores and pathogens.

- In health and nutrition, many polyphenols are studied for potential antioxidant and beneficial biological effects.

Safety and regulation

Phenolic compounds vary in toxicity and handling requirements. Some phenols are corrosive and can be hazardous in concentrated form; appropriate protective equipment and disposal procedures are important.

See also: phenol, phenolic resin, polyphenol.