penész

Penész is the Hungarian term for mold or mildew, referring to a broad group of fungi that grow as multicellular filaments called hyphae. When many hyphae extend and form a visible colony, the fungus is said to have produced a mycelium. Mold reproduces mainly by spores, which can travel through air, water, or contact.

Molds are widespread in nature and play a key role in breaking down organic matter. They require moisture to grow and can colonize virtually any damp surface, including walls, wood, fabrics, and food. In indoor environments, temperature, humidity, and available nutrients determine which species become established; common indoor genera include Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium.

Health effects from mold exposure vary. Allergic reactions, sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and asthma symptoms are common in sensitive people. Some species produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins or ochratoxins, which can pose health risks when mold growth is extensive or occurs in contaminated food. In rare cases, invasive infections can occur in severely immunocompromised individuals.

Prevention focuses on moisture control. Fix leaks, reduce condensation, ventilate spaces, and keep humidity low. Promptly address water damage and clean visible mold on nonporous surfaces. For larger infestations or mold in porous materials, professional remediation is usually recommended to reduce exposure and prevent recurrence.