pelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys. It typically occurs when bacteria from the bladder ascend into the kidneys. Symptoms can include fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. In some cases, urinary symptoms like frequent urination, painful urination, and urgency may also be present.

Factors that increase the risk of pyelonephritis include anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract, kidney stones, pregnancy, a weakened immune system, and the presence of a urinary catheter. Women are more prone to UTIs, and therefore pyelonephritis, than men due to their shorter urethras.

Diagnosis usually involves a physical examination, urine tests (urinalysis and urine culture) to identify the specific bacteria and determine antibiotic sensitivity, and sometimes imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan to assess for complications or underlying causes.

Treatment for pyelonephritis typically involves antibiotics. The duration of antibiotic therapy depends on the severity of the infection and the chosen medication, but it is usually for 7 to 14 days. Severe cases may require hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications such as kidney damage, abscess formation, or sepsis. Recurrent episodes of pyelonephritis may necessitate further investigation to identify and address predisposing factors.