participiis

Participiis is a term occasionally used in linguistic typology to denote the set of participial forms within a language or language group. Derived from the Latin word participium, participiis refers to the range of non-finite verb forms that function as adjectives or adverbs as well as components of complex tenses, aspects, or voices. The concept encompasses present participles, past (or perfect) participles, and other participial derivatives that attach to nouns or verbs or introduce non-finite clauses. In standard grammars, these forms are usually described as participles; participiis is a convenience label used in comparative surveys when listing forms across languages.

In morphology, participiis may be marked for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and agreement. Some languages feature finite verbal agreement with participles, others do not. In many Indo-European languages, participles form a marked subclass distinct from finite verbs; in non-Indo-European languages, participial forms might be expressed by suffixes, reduplication, or periphrasis. Functionally, participiis-type forms typically appear as attributive modifiers before or after a noun, as predicate adjectives, or as heads of non-finite clauses that express subordination, cause, time, or concomitant action. English uses a present participle in -ing for progressive aspect and a past participle in -ed or irregular forms for perfect or passive constructions; Latin uses several participial stems with gender and number agreement.

Because participiis is not a standard label in most grammars, its exact scope and terminology vary by author. When encountered, it should be defined within the specific theoretical framework being used.