parenterali

Parenteral administration refers to routes of drug delivery that bypass the gastrointestinal tract, delivering substances directly into the body. Common parenteral routes include intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) injections, as well as intraosseous (IO) delivery and other specialized approaches such as epidural, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, and intraventricular routes, depending on therapeutic needs. The term contrasts with enteral administration, which uses the digestive tract.

Parenteral administration is used when oral administration is ineffective, unsafe, or not feasible due to impaired GI function, the need for rapid onset, precise dosing, or when a substance is not stable in the GI tract. Common applications include antibiotics and antivirals given by IV, analgesics and anesthetics, chemotherapy, vaccines in some regimens, and monoclonal antibodies. Parenteral nutrition, including total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN), provides nutrients directly into the bloodstream for patients unable to meet needs by eating.

Preparation and delivery require sterile technique and appropriate equipment. Pharmacists and nurses prepare and administer sterile solutions using syringes, needles, IV lines, and infusion pumps. Central venous access devices (such as ports or catheters) are common for long-term therapy, while peripheral IV access is typical for short courses. Proper site care, monitoring for infiltration or extravasation, and avoiding air embolism are essential safety practices.

Risks associated with parenteral therapy include infection, thrombophlebitis, catheter-related complications, allergic reactions, and metabolic disturbances. Dosing accuracy, compatibility of drugs with IV fluids, and aseptic technique are critical. Regulations require sterile compounding and appropriate labeling to ensure patient safety.