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Parathyroid glands are small, pea-sized glands located on the back of the thyroid gland. They play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. Each person has four parathyroid glands, two on each side of the thyroid gland. These glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps maintain the proper balance of calcium in the body.

The parathyroid glands are essential for several physiological processes. PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones and the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, ensuring that there is enough calcium available for various bodily functions. Conversely, when calcium levels are high, the parathyroid glands reduce the production of PTH, which in turn decreases the absorption of calcium by the kidneys and increases its excretion through urine.

Parathyroid glands can be affected by various conditions, including hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, leading to high calcium levels in the blood. This condition can cause symptoms such as bone pain, weakness, and kidney stones. Hypoparathyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the parathyroid glands do not produce enough PTH, resulting in low calcium levels in the blood. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may include muscle cramps, tingling in the hands and feet, and seizures.

Parathyroid glands can also be affected by certain medical treatments, such as thyroid surgery or radiation therapy, which may damage the parathyroid glands. In such cases, the body may not produce enough PTH, leading to hypocalcemia. To address this, doctors may recommend calcium supplements or other treatments to maintain proper calcium levels.

In summary, parathyroid glands are vital for maintaining calcium balance in the body. They produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels through various physiological processes. Conditions affecting the parathyroid glands can lead to either high or low calcium levels in the blood, resulting in various symptoms. Understanding the role and function of parathyroid glands is essential for diagnosing and managing related conditions.