pankreatik

Pankreatik is an adjective that relates to the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, playing a central role in digestion and metabolic regulation.

Anatomy and organization: The pancreas consists of a head, body, and tail. Its exocrine tissue is made up of acinar cells that produce digestive enzymes stored in zymogen granules and released into the small intestine via the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung). The endocrine component comprises the islets of Langerhans, which secrete hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide into the bloodstream.

Exocrine function: Digestive enzymes include amylase, lipase, and proteases (such as trypsin and chymotrypsin) that act in the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The ductal system also secretes bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize stomach acid, creating an optimal pH for enzyme activity.

Endocrine function: Hormones regulate blood glucose and other metabolic processes. Insulin lowers blood glucose, while glucagon raises it. Somatostatin modulates insulin and glucagon release, and pancreatic polypeptide helps regulate pancreatic exocrine and hepatic function.

Clinical relevance: Pankreatik disorders include pancreatitis (acute and chronic), pancreatic cancer, and cystic lesions. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency reduces enzyme production, and endocrine failure can contribute to diabetes, including forms associated with pancreatic disease. Diagnosis relies on symptoms, laboratory tests (such as serum lipase and amylase), and imaging. Treatments vary by condition and may involve enzyme replacement therapy, dietary management, medication, or surgical and oncologic interventions.