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Pacemakers, also known as cardiac pacemakers, are medical devices used to regulate abnormal heart rhythms by sending electrical impulses to the heart muscle. They are primarily employed in the treatment of arrhythmias, conditions where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia), too quickly (tachycardia), or irregularly. Pacemakers are implanted under the skin, typically near the collarbone, with leads extending into the heart to deliver controlled electrical signals.

The first modern pacemaker was developed in the 1950s, and since then, technology has advanced significantly. Modern pacemakers are small, battery-powered devices that can be programmed to adjust their pacing rates based on the patient’s activity level or other physiological needs. Some advanced models, known as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), can also detect dangerous arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, and deliver a shock to restore a normal rhythm.

Pacemakers are typically recommended for individuals with persistent bradycardia, heart block, or other conduction disorders that impair the heart’s ability to maintain an effective rhythm. Candidates for pacemaker implantation undergo thorough evaluation, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and consultations with cardiologists. The procedure itself is usually performed under local anesthesia and involves minimal recovery time.

Complications from pacemaker implantation are rare but can include infection, lead displacement, or device malfunction. Patients with pacemakers must avoid strong magnetic fields, which can interfere with their function, and should follow up regularly with their healthcare provider for device checks and battery replacements, which are typically required every five to ten years depending on the model.

Pacemakers have significantly improved the quality of life for millions of people with heart rhythm disorders, offering a reliable and life-saving solution for those at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. Ongoing research continues to enhance their efficiency, durability, and integration with other cardiac therapies.