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Overvoltage and undervoltage are terms used to describe the conditions where an electrical voltage exceeds or falls below the normal operating level.

Overvoltage refers to an excessive voltage level that exceeds the rated voltage of an electrical device or system. This can be caused by a variety of factors such as power surges, lightning strikes, or incorrect settings on power distribution equipment. Overvoltage can lead to the degradation or failure of electrical equipment, and can also pose a safety risk to people and property.

Undervoltage, on the other hand, refers to a voltage level that is lower than the normally rated level. This can occur due to a range of factors, including underperforming power generators, electrical shorts, or high resistance in the power supply system. Undervoltage can also cause electrical devices to malfunction or fail to function properly.

The effects of overvoltage and undervoltage can be mitigated by implementing electrical protection and control devices such as fuses, circuit breakers, and voltage regulators. These devices can help to detect anomalies in the electrical system and prevent excessive voltage from reaching components or equipment. They can also reduce the impact of undervoltage conditions by providing surge protection or stabilizing the supply voltage.

Understanding and managing overvoltage and undervoltage conditions is crucial for maintaining the reliability and efficiency of electrical systems, and preventing potential safety hazards and equipment failures.