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Oscillations refer to repetitive variations, typically in time, of some measure of a physical system around a central value or equilibrium point. This repetitive motion is characterized by a back-and-forth or cyclical pattern. The simplest form of oscillation is the simple harmonic motion, exemplified by a mass on a spring or a pendulum with a small amplitude. In such systems, the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.

Key characteristics of an oscillation include its amplitude, which is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position, and its period, which is the time taken for one complete cycle of motion. The frequency of an oscillation is the number of cycles that occur per unit of time and is the reciprocal of the period. Oscillations can be damped, meaning their amplitude decreases over time due to energy loss, or driven, where an external force continuously supplies energy to maintain or increase the oscillation.

Oscillations are a fundamental phenomenon in physics and are observed in a vast array of systems. Examples include the vibration of strings on a musical instrument, the propagation of sound waves, the behavior of alternating electric currents, and the swinging of a clock pendulum. Understanding oscillations is crucial for analyzing and designing many technological devices and for comprehending natural phenomena.