organicphosphorus

Organic phosphorus refers to chemical compounds that contain carbon–phosphorus bonds. This broad category encompasses several distinct classes, including phosphate esters, phosphonates, and organophosphines, as well as related derivatives. Organic phosphorus compounds contrast with inorganic phosphorus species that lack carbon–phosphorus linkages. They occur naturally in biological systems and are widely used in industry and agriculture.

Phosphate esters (phosphoesters) are built around a phosphorus atom in a high oxidation state (P(V)) bonded to oxygen atoms and to carbon-containing substituents. They are common in DNA, RNA, and energy carriers such as ATP, and they are also used industrially as plasticizers, lubricants, and flame retardants. Phosphonates feature a direct carbon–phosphorus bond (P–C) and are more resistant to hydrolysis; many are used as enzyme inhibitors, chelating agents, or stabilizers.

Organophosphines are a class of compounds in which phosphorus is covalently bonded to three carbon groups and typically adopts a P(III) oxidation state. They serve as ligands in homogeneous catalysis and appear in some medicinal and agrochemical agents. Some organophosphorus compounds have been exploited as pesticides or nerve agents; because of their potency as cholinesterase inhibitors, their use is strictly regulated and monitored.

Biological and environmental aspects: organic phosphorus compounds participate in the phosphorus cycle; enzymes such as organophosphorus hydrolases and phosphotriesterases biodegrade esters. In soil and water, hydrolysis and microbial action influence persistence. Regulations and safety measures address risks associated with toxic organophosphorus compounds, while many non-toxic organophosphorus derivatives are valued for pharmaceuticals, materials, and industrial applications.