organiche

Organiche, or organic compounds, are a class of chemical substances primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, often with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or halogens. The field of organic chemistry studies their structure, properties, synthesis, reactions, and applications. The term originated in the 19th century from the idea that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms, a view later challenged by Friedrich Wöhler's 1828 synthesis of urea from inorganic reagents.

Organics are built on carbon frameworks that include linear or branched chains, rings, and aromatic systems. Most organics form covalent bonds, enabling a vast diversity of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carbonyls, carboxyl groups, amines, ethers, esters, and more. They are classified by skeleton (hydrocarbons, heterocycles, polymers) and by functional groups. They can be polar or nonpolar, with properties governed by molecular size, polarity, and intermolecular forces.

Natural occurrence is widespread: biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) in living organisms; secondary metabolites in plants; and fossil resources like petroleum provide much of the world’s synthetic organics. Synthesis and reactivity include addition, substitution, condensation, and polymerization, often mediated by acids, bases, or catalysts.

Applications span pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and materials; organic electronics and polymers are notable modern uses. Environmental and safety considerations include flammability, toxicity, and persistence, prompting regulation and green chemistry approaches.