oesophagusz

Oesophagusz is not a standard anatomical term. It is likely a misspelling or stylized variant of oesophagus (esophagus in American English). This article uses the conventional term and describes the human oesophagus, a muscular tube that transports food from the throat to the stomach.

Anatomy and location

The oesophagus measures about 25 centimeters in adults and extends from the pharynx to the stomach, passing through the diaphragmatic hiatus. It lies behind the trachea and heart and runs within the mediastinum before entering the abdomen.

Structure and function

The oesophagus consists of mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria arranged in inner circular and outer longitudinal layers. The proximal third contains skeletal muscle, the distal third smooth muscle, and the middle portion a mix. The upper oesophageal sphincter (a set of pharyngoesophageal muscles) and the lower oesophageal sphincter (comprising the gastroesophageal junction) regulate bolus passage. Peristaltic waves propel swallowed material toward the stomach, aided by saliva and gravity.

Blood supply and innervation

Arterial supply comes from branches of the inferior thyroid, bronchial, intercostal, and left gastric arteries. Venous drainage is via the azygos and hemiazygos systems and the portal vein in some areas. Innervation is provided mainly by the vagus nerve with sympathetic fibers contributing to tone.

Clinical relevance

Common conditions include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophagitis, hiatal hernia, esophageal strictures, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal cancer. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, barium swallow studies, manometry, and pH monitoring. Treatments range from lifestyle modifications and acid suppression therapy to endoscopic interventions and, in some cases, surgical procedures such as fundoplication.