nucleates

Nucleates, in scientific usage, refers to the act of forming nuclei that initiate a phase transition. Nucleation is the initial step in processes such as crystallization, condensation, and precipitation, where a small cluster of molecules becomes a stable nucleus capable of growing into a new phase.

Nucleation can occur through different pathways. Homogeneous nucleation takes place within the bulk of a single phase without interfaces, while heterogeneous nucleation occurs at interfaces such as container walls, dust, or impurities. The formation of a nucleus involves a competition between surface energy, which resists formation, and the bulk energy change, which favors transformation. For a nucleus to be stable, it must reach a critical size; subcritical clusters tend to dissolve, whereas supercritical nuclei can grow and drive a phase change.

Nucleation rates are highly sensitive to conditions such as temperature, supersaturation or undercooling, pressure, and the presence of catalysts or surfaces that lower the energy barrier. Impurities and defects often act as promoters of heterogeneous nucleation by reducing the required energy for nucleus formation. The study of nucleates thus combines thermodynamics, kinetics, and materials science to predict when and how a new phase will appear.

Applications and occurrences are broad. In metallurgy and polymer processing, controlled nucleation determines crystal size and material properties. In meteorology, ice nucleation governs cloud formation. In chemistry and biology, nucleation underpins crystallization of compounds, protein assembly, and the growth of mineral phases. Techniques to study nucleation include microscopy, light and X-ray scattering, spectroscopy, and calorimetry, which together help quantify nucleation rates and mechanisms.