nomenclatura

Nomenclatura, or nomenclature, is the system of names and the conventions used to name objects, concepts, and processes within a discipline. The term derives from Latin nomen, name, and calare, to call. In practice, nomenclature provides a standardized vocabulary that enables precise communication and reduces ambiguity.

In science and academia, nomenclature operates alongside taxonomy and terminology. It establishes rules for form, structure, and priority, manages homonyms and synonyms, and handles revisions when classifications change.

Major examples include:

- Biological nomenclature: the binomial system for species (for animals, the ICZN; for plants, algae, and fungi, the ICN; cultivated plants follow the ICNCP). Names are often published with an author citation and may change as classifications evolve, subject to priority.

- Chemical nomenclature: IUPAC provides systematic nomenclature based on molecular structure, with common or trivial names still widely used.

- Other domains: astronomical naming conventions, mineral nomenclature, and medical or legal terminologies, which often have specialized codes and registries.

History and governance: Nomenclatural codes are maintained by international commissions or professional societies. They adapt to new discoveries while preserving stability through rules such as priority and typification. Practitioners must consult current codes to ensure names meet community standards.

Challenges: synonyms, homonyms, typification, regional languages, and historical usage can cause confusion. Effective nomenclature balances stability with the need to accommodate new information.