neutralit

Neutrality is a policy or stance in which a state, organization, or person refuses to participate in a conflict or dispute on either side. In international relations, neutrality often implies abstaining from military alliances, not providing armed support to belligerents, and refraining from acts that could be construed as assisting one side. Neutrality differs from impartiality; neutrality is about not taking sides, whereas impartiality concerns fair treatment of conflicting parties.

Legal framework: Under international law, some states acquire a defined neutrality status through treaties or constitutions. Permanent neutrality has been recognized most famously by Switzerland, which maintains armed forces to deter aggression and pledges not to participate in alliances. Non-belligerence is a more limited form, where a state refrains from entering armed conflict but may still engage in limited trade or diplomacy.

Applications and examples: Historically, Ireland maintained neutrality during World War II; Sweden maintained military nonalignment for much of the 19th and 20th centuries; Finland maintained a cautious neutrality during the Cold War. In practice, neutral states may face pressure to support either side or to permit troop movements or arms transfers on their territory, complicating their status.

Beyond politics, neutrality appears in media ethics and science, where it denotes presenting information without bias and avoiding endorsement of particular viewpoints; in technology, neutrality can refer to algorithmic or platform neutrality, such as treating users equally regardless of status. The meaning and viability of neutrality continue to be debated in a world of shifting alliances and humanitarian crises.