nadbudowa

Nadbudowa is a Polish term that denotes an addition placed above an existing structure, most commonly a building, but also used in other contexts to mean any layer added on top of a base. It has both technical and metaphorical meanings.

In architecture and construction, nadbudowa refers to a vertical extension that adds usable space by constructing new storeys or a mezzanine above an existing roof. Such works aim to maximize built area while preserving the original footprint, but they require careful structural assessment, reinforcement of foundations, and compatibility with the existing façade and utilities. Planning permission, fire safety, energy performance, and compliance with local building codes are typically required. The design must consider loads, wind, and seismic forces, and may involve updating elevators and utilities to serve the new levels.

In social theory, nadbudowa is used to describe the superstructure—the set of political, legal, religious, educational and cultural institutions that arise from and help sustain the economic base of a society. Analysts use the concept to discuss how ideology and institutions support existing economic relations, and how changes in the base may prompt changes in the superstructure or, conversely, how changes in the superstructure can influence economic development.

Etymology: from Polish nad- ("above") and budowa ("construction"). The term is also used in more general contexts to denote any added layer on top of an object.