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Memory immunity refers to the phenomenon where prior exposure to a specific antigen leads to a faster and more robust immune response upon subsequent encounters. This is a cornerstone of adaptive immunity, the body's specific defense system that learns and remembers pathogens.

The primary mechanism behind memory immunity involves the generation of memory cells. After an initial infection or vaccination, some lymphocytes, specifically T cells and B cells, differentiate into long-lived memory cells. These memory cells are primed to recognize the same antigen.

When the body encounters the antigen again, these memory cells are rapidly activated. Memory B cells quickly proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, producing large quantities of antibodies, often with higher affinity for the antigen than during the primary response. Memory T cells, both helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, also mount a swift and potent response, aiding in the elimination of infected cells and orchestrating the overall immune defense.

This heightened and accelerated response is the basis of long-lasting immunity conferred by infections and vaccinations. It prevents a full-blown illness from developing upon re-exposure and is crucial for protecting individuals from recurring infections. The duration and strength of memory immunity can vary depending on the pathogen and the individual's immune system.