mykorizae

Mycorrhizae refers to the symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. The term mycorrhiza comes from the Greek words mykes (fungus) and rhiza (root). This mutualistic relationship benefits both the fungus and the plant. The fungus extends its hyphae, which are thread-like structures, into the soil. These hyphae significantly increase the surface area for nutrient and water absorption, particularly for phosphorus and nitrogen, which are often immobile in the soil. In return for these essential resources, the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis.

There are two main types of mycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae, common with trees like pines and oaks, form a sheath around the root tip and penetrate between the root cells. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, the most widespread type, penetrate directly into the plant root cells, forming tree-like structures called arbuscules. This ancient association is found in approximately 90% of terrestrial plant species and plays a crucial role in ecosystem health by improving plant growth, resilience to stress, and soil structure. It is a fundamental component of most terrestrial ecosystems.