modulerað

Modulerað is an Icelandic term meaning "modulated" or "subject to modulation." It functions as the past passive participle of the verb modulera (to modulate) and is used as an adjective to describe things that have undergone modulation. In technical Icelandic, the form is standard for referring to signals, processes, or systems in which the modulation process has been applied.

In electronics and telecommunications, a modulerað signal denotes a carrier waveform that carries information encoded by changes in amplitude, frequency, or phase. Common modulation schemes described as modulerað include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The concept is paired with demodulation, the operation that recovers the original information.

In music technology and audio production, modulerað describes sounds that have undergone modulation to alter timbre, loudness, or pitch over time. Techniques include tremolo (amplitude modulation), vibrato (frequency modulation), and various filter or phase modulations implemented with envelopes or low-frequency oscillators.

In linguistics and speech science, modulerað can be used to describe prosodic modulation—systematic changes in pitch, duration, or loudness that contribute to meaning or emphasis. The term remains primarily found in Icelandic-language technical writing and discourse on modulation.