mikorrhizák

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. The term mycorrhiza literally means "fungus root". These associations are ancient and have played a crucial role in the colonization of land by plants. In a mycorrhizal relationship, the fungus colonizes the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient minerals (such as phosphorus and nitrogen) to the plant by expanding the soil volume accessible to its roots. In return, the plant supplies the fungi with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis.

There are several types of mycorrhizae, with the most common being ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae typically form a sheath around the root tips and their hyphae penetrate the intercellular spaces between root cells. These are commonly found with trees like pines and oaks. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, also known as endomycorrhizae, have hyphae that penetrate the root cells, forming highly branched structures called arbuscules within the cells, which are the primary sites of nutrient exchange. These are widespread and associated with most herbaceous plants, including crops.

Mycorrhizae are vital for plant health and ecosystem function. They enhance plant drought tolerance, improve resistance to soil-borne pathogens, and can contribute to soil structure. The presence and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi are important indicators of soil health and can influence plant community composition in natural and agricultural settings.