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Microscopy refers to the scientific technique of using a microscope to view objects or details of objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopes magnify these tiny specimens, allowing for detailed observation and analysis. The development of microscopy has been crucial for advancements in numerous scientific fields, including biology, medicine, materials science, and chemistry.

There are various types of microscopy, each employing different principles to achieve magnification and image formation. Light microscopy, the oldest form, uses visible light and a system of lenses to create a magnified image. This includes techniques like bright-field microscopy, dark-field microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopy, on the other hand, utilizes a beam of electrons instead of light, offering significantly higher resolution and magnification. Common electron microscopy techniques are transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Beyond these broad categories, specialized techniques like confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and super-resolution microscopy have emerged, pushing the boundaries of what can be observed at the nanoscale. These advanced methods allow for the visualization of cellular structures, molecules, and even individual atoms with unprecedented clarity. The ability to observe and understand the microscopic world has unlocked fundamental discoveries and continues to drive innovation across scientific disciplines.