metalalkoxider

Metal alkoxides are compounds in which a metal center is bonded to alkoxide ligands, giving a general formula M(OR)n. The exact number of OR groups depends on the metal and its preferred coordination environment, but common examples include Ti(OR)4, Al(OR)3, and M(OR)n for various metals. These compounds are typically moisture sensitive and can be liquids or solids at room temperature.

Synthesis of metal alkoxides is usually achieved by reacting a metal halide or oxide with an alcohol, for example TiCl4 reacting with an alcohol to form Ti(OR)4 and HCl. They can also be prepared by alkoxide exchange between different metal alkoxides or by controlled hydrolysis of metal precursors. In many cases mixed alkoxides can be formed, enabling tuning of reactivity and properties.

Metal alkoxides are valued as precursors for the synthesis of metal oxides through sol-gel processes, hydrolysis, and condensation to form M–O–M networks. This makes them important in coatings, thin films, ceramics, and glass-forming technologies. They are also used as catalysts or catalyst precursors in various organic and polymerization reactions, owing to the Lewis acidity of the metal center and the lability of the alkoxide ligands.

Handling and stability are important considerations: metal alkoxides react with water and oxygen, often releasing alcohols and forming metal hydroxide or oxide species. Their reactivity can be influenced by the identity of the metal and the size and sterics of the alkoxide group, as well as by solvent and additives used in processing.