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Marginalism is a political philosophy that advocates for the protection of individual rights and liberties, particularly in the context of economic and social policy. It is often associated with classical liberalism and is characterized by its emphasis on the role of the individual in society. Marginalism argues that the state should intervene only to protect individual rights and liberties, and that economic and social policies should be designed to minimize the impact of government on individuals.

The term "marginalism" was coined by the French economist Frédéric Bastiat in the 19th century. Bastiat argued that the state should not interfere with the voluntary exchange of goods and services, as this would lead to inefficiencies and a loss of individual freedom. He believed that the state should only intervene to protect individuals from harm, such as theft or violence, and that economic and social policies should be designed to promote individual freedom and prosperity.

Marginalism is often contrasted with state interventionism, which argues that the state should play a more active role in the economy and society. Marginalists argue that state interventionism leads to inefficiencies, reduces individual freedom, and undermines the voluntary exchange of goods and services. They believe that the state should only intervene to protect individuals from harm and that economic and social policies should be designed to promote individual freedom and prosperity.

Marginalism has been influential in the development of modern liberalism and has had a significant impact on economic and social policy. It has been criticized for its emphasis on individual rights and liberties, which some argue leads to a lack of concern for the common good. However, marginalists argue that the protection of individual rights and liberties is essential for the promotion of individual freedom and prosperity, and that the state should only intervene to protect individuals from harm.