manganeseoxidizing

Manganeseoxidizing refers to the biological or chemical process by which manganese (Mn) is oxidized from lower oxidation states such as Mn(II) to higher oxidation states such as Mn(IV) in the form of manganese oxides or manganites. In natural environments, this process is primarily mediated by microorganisms, particularly manganese-oxidizing bacteria and certain fungi, which use Mn(II) as an electron donor in energy‐generating pathways. These organisms secrete enzymes or extracellular compounds that facilitate electron transfer to oxygen, producing insoluble manganese oxides that precipitate as brown or black coatings on surfaces.

The biological oxidation of manganese plays a significant ecological role by influencing nutrient cycling, contaminant immobilization, and the geochemical cycling of trace metals and organic compounds. Manganese oxides produced by these microorganisms can adsorb heavy metals such as chromium, lead, and arsenic, thereby reducing their mobility and toxicity. They also act as natural oxidants, degrading organic pollutants and contributing to the removal of methane and other greenhouse gases.

Industrial and environmental applications have emerged from the study of manganeseoxidizing organisms. Bioremediation strategies exploit their ability to immobilize contaminants, while engineered microbial consortia are being developed for wastewater treatment, especially in tannery, mining, and textile effluent. In addition, the oxides produced can be harvested for use as catalysts, adsorbents, or as components in batteries and battery electrodes.

Detection and quantification of manganeseoxidizing activity involve measuring Mn(II) depletion, monitoring coloration changes, and using molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify active microbial taxa. While manganese oxidation is environmentally beneficial, excessive manganese oxide accumulation can lead to scaling in pipelines and industrial equipment, posing challenges for managing biofouling and maintaining system efficiency.