manerism

Manerism, also known as Mannerism, refers to a style in European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It persisted in various forms until around the end of the 16th century. The term "Mannerism" is derived from the Italian "maniera," which means "style" or "manner." This artistic movement is characterized by its sophistication, intellectualism, and a departure from the balanced, harmonious proportions and naturalism of the High Renaissance.

Mannerist artists often employed elongated and exaggerated forms, complex compositions, and a heightened sense of drama. They frequently used unconventional perspectives, bold colors, and intricate details to create a sense of artifice and artfulness. The subject matter often included mythological, religious, and allegorical themes, but with a focus on the human form and its emotional expression.

The Mannerist style was not confined to Italy but spread throughout Europe, influencing artists in countries such as France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Notable Mannerist artists include Pontormo, Rosso Fiorentino, and Jacopo da Pontormo in Italy, as well as El Greco in Spain. The movement is often seen as a transitional phase between the Renaissance and the Baroque periods, incorporating elements of both while developing its own distinct characteristics.

Mannerism is significant for its exploration of artistic expression beyond the classical ideals of the Renaissance. It laid the groundwork for the more dynamic and emotional styles that would emerge in the Baroque period. Despite its initial criticism for being overly artificial, Mannerism is now recognized for its innovative contributions to the development of Western art.