majeureevents

Majeure events, often referred to as force majeure in contract law, are unforeseen external events that prevent one or more parties from fulfilling contractual obligations. Typically beyond the control of the parties, these events disrupt performance and may excuse or suspend liability while the event persists. The term is a general concept used in many legal systems; the specific meaning and consequences depend on applicable law and contract terms.

Common examples include natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes), wars, acts of terrorism, government actions (embargoes, expropriation, sudden regulatory changes), pandemics, and major labor strikes. Some contracts also cover cyber incidents, supply chain disruptions, and other extraordinary events.

In practice, contracts often include a force majeure clause that defines which events qualify, what notice is required, and how long performance may be suspended. Clauses may also specify remedies such as extension of time, partial performance, or termination if the event continues for a defined period. Without a clause, many jurisdictions apply doctrines such as impossibility, objective impracticability, or frustration to adjust or excuse performance.

Limitations exist. An event is usually not considered majeure if it was anticipated, caused by the affected party, or could have been mitigated through reasonable precautions. The event’s impact must be direct and substantial, and parties typically bear a duty to mitigate damages and communicate promptly. The precise rules vary by jurisdiction and contract.