ladningen

Ladningen is a physical property that causes electric and magnetic interactions between objects. In most classical descriptions, there are two signs of ladning: positive and negative. The two signs attract or repel in characteristic ways, with like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting. The most familiar carriers are electrons (negative ladning) and protons (positive ladning), while many materials contain ions or charged regions that carry net ladning.

The magnitude of ladning is measured in coulombs (C). Ladning is quantized, with the elementary charge e ≈ 1.602 × 10^-19 C representing the charge of a single proton or the negative of a single electron. In a closed system, ladning is conserved: the total ladning cannot change through ordinary processes, though it can be redistributed within a system.

Electric forces between charges are described by Coulomb's law: the force between two point charges decreases with the square of the distance between them and is proportional to the product of their charges. This interaction gives rise to electric fields, where a charge creates a field that can exert force on other charges at a distance. The field framework leads to convenient concepts like potential difference and capacitance, and it underpins technologies from capacitors to sensors.

Charge transfer underpins electrical current. The amount of charge that passes a point over time defines current (I = dq/dt) and is measured in amperes. Ladning movement enables charging and discharging of devices, electrochemical processes, and the functioning of nearly all electronic systems.

In chemistry and materials science, ladning governs ion behavior, electrostatics in solids, and catalysis. Historically, Coulomb's work and later conventions by Benjamin Franklin established the signs and the law governing charge interactions.