kvanttiHallin

KvanttiHallin refers to the quantum Hall effect, a phenomenon observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to a strong magnetic field at low temperatures. In this state, the Hall conductance, which measures the ratio of the transverse voltage to the longitudinal current, exhibits remarkably precise quantized plateaus. These plateaus occur at values that are integer or fractional multiples of a fundamental constant, the von Klitzing constant ($R_K = h/e^2$), where $h$ is Planck's constant and $e$ is the elementary charge. The integer quantum Hall effect, discovered by Klaus von Klitzing in 1980, is explained by the formation of Landau levels, which are discrete energy levels for electrons in a magnetic field. The fractional quantum Hall effect, observed later and explained by theories involving electron-electron interactions, involves quasi-particles with fractional charges. The extreme precision of the quantized Hall conductance has led to its use as a standard for electrical resistance, offering a fundamental metrological application of quantum mechanics. The study of the quantum Hall effect continues to be an active area of research, exploring exotic states of matter and their potential applications in quantum computing.