kvantifierare

Kvanifierare, in linguistic and logical contexts, are expressions that indicate quantity or proportion of the referents of a predicate. In formal logic, quantifiers are operators that bind variables in predicate calculus; the two primary quantifiers are the universal quantifier (for all) and the existential quantifier (there exists). The universal quantifier says that a property holds for every member of a domain, while the existential asserts that there is at least one member for which the property holds. Additional quantifier constructions include exact, at least, at most, and proportional quantifiers.

In linguistics, kvantifierare refer to quantifier phrases that modify noun phrases or whole clauses and contribute to meaning, scope, and reference. Common Swedish examples include universal quantifiers like "alla" and "varje," and existential ones like "några," "flera," and "ingen." Proportional quantifiers include words such as "majoriteten" and "majoriteten av," while scalar quantifiers express degree such as "mycket" or "lite." Quantifier scope interacts with negation and other operators, producing readings where the quantifier takes wide or narrow scope.

In semantics, kvantifierare are analyzed as operators that bind variable meanings and contribute truth conditions, with attention to monotonicity properties, distributivity, and the interaction with anaphora and implicature. The study of quantifiers spans logic, linguistics, and philosophy of language, and informs theories of how natural languages encode quantity, proportion, and generalization.