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Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in purine metabolism. It is primarily found in the liver and intestines of mammals, as well as in some bacteria. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then xanthine to uric acid. This final product, uric acid, is then excreted from the body.

The activity of xanthine oxidase is essential for breaking down purines, which are components of DNA and RNA. Without this enzyme, purine buildup could lead to health issues. However, overactivity or certain genetic variations in xanthine oxidase can contribute to conditions like gout, where high levels of uric acid accumulate in the joints, causing inflammation and pain.

Conversely, inhibiting xanthine oxidase is a common therapeutic strategy for managing hyperuricemia and gout. Medications like allopurinol and febuxostat work by blocking the enzyme's activity, thereby reducing uric acid production. This enzyme's dual nature, being both vital for normal metabolism and a potential contributor to disease, makes it a significant target in medical research and treatment.