kimberlits

Kimberlites are a type of volcanic rock that originates deep within the Earth's mantle. They are known for their distinctive composition and their association with the formation of diamonds. Kimberlites are characterized by a mineral assemblage that includes olivine, serpentine, phlogopite mica, and perovskite, among other minerals. They are typically found in ancient, stable continental crust, often within cratons.

The formation of kimberlites is a complex geological process. They are thought to erupt rapidly from the mantle, often in a violent manner, through deep-seated fissures. This rapid ascent is crucial for preserving diamonds, as they can only form under the extreme pressures and temperatures found deep within the Earth. If the ascent is too slow, the diamonds can transform into graphite.

Kimberlite pipes are the most common geological structure associated with kimberlite eruptions. These are carrot-shaped or dyke-like bodies that extend from the surface downwards. The diamonds found within kimberlites are of immense economic importance, as they are the primary source of gem-quality diamonds. However, not all kimberlites contain diamonds, and the concentration of diamonds can vary significantly. The study of kimberlites provides valuable insights into the composition and dynamics of the Earth's mantle.