karotenoids

Carotenoids are a class of naturally occurring pigments found in plants, algae, and some bacteria and fungi. They are responsible for the vibrant yellow, orange, and red colors seen in many fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Carotenoids are fat-soluble compounds and are synthesized by these organisms but not by animals. Humans and other animals obtain carotenoids by consuming these plant-based foods.

There are over 600 different types of carotenoids identified, with beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene being among the most well-known. These compounds play crucial roles in the organisms that produce them, primarily as antioxidants, protecting against damage from light and oxygen. In plants, they also assist in photosynthesis by harvesting light energy.

For human health, carotenoids are recognized for their antioxidant properties, which can help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Some carotenoids, like beta-carotene, can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Others, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, are concentrated in the eye and are thought to protect against age-related macular degeneration. Lycopene, found in tomatoes, has been linked to a reduced risk of certain cancers. The absorption of carotenoids is enhanced when consumed with dietary fats.