karistama

Karistama is an Estonian verb meaning to punish or discipline someone for a wrongdoing. It is used across contexts, from formal penalties issued by authorities to everyday parental or educational discipline. The action can be as mild as a reprimand or as severe as a formal sentence or sanction. The term is derived from the noun karistus, which denotes punishment.

Grammatically, karistama is a transitive verb; it requires a direct object referring to the person or group being punished. Like other Estonian verbs, its form changes to reflect person, number, tense, mood, and voice. It can be used in active and passive constructions and in various aspectual forms.

Etymology and related terms: The verb is formed from the noun karistus (punishment) with the common Estonian verb suffix -ma. The noun karistus is the basic meaning 'punishment' in Estonian and is used in legal, educational, and social contexts. Related terms include karistus (punishment) and phrases describing disciplinary actions.

See also: karistus (noun). The article reflects standard usage in Estonian language references.