karbonyülrühm

The karbonyülrühm, also known as the carbonyl group, is a functional group in organic chemistry. It consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. The general formula for a molecule containing a carbonyl group is R2C=O, where R can be hydrogen atoms or organic substituents.

This functional group is central to several important classes of organic compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides. The presence of the polar carbon-oxygen double bond significantly influences the chemical properties of these molecules. The oxygen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, leading to a partial positive charge on the carbon and a partial negative charge on the oxygen. This polarity makes the carbonyl carbon susceptible to nucleophilic attack, a common reaction pathway for carbonyl compounds.

Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen atom directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon (RCHO), while ketones have two organic substituents bonded to the carbonyl carbon (R2CO). Carboxylic acids contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the carbonyl group (RCOOH), and esters are derived from carboxylic acids where the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group is replaced by an organic group (RCOOR'). Amides feature an amine group (-NR2) attached to the carbonyl (RCONR2), and acid halides have a halogen atom (X) bonded to the carbonyl (RCOX). The karbonyülrühm is a ubiquitous structural motif, playing a vital role in biological molecules, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and many industrial processes.