karboksylacji

Karboksylacja refers to a chemical reaction where a carboxyl group (COOH) is added to a substrate. This process is fundamental in various biological and chemical pathways. In organic chemistry, karboksylacja can be achieved through several methods, including reactions with carbon dioxide under specific conditions, often catalyzed by enzymes or chemical reagents.

A prominent example in biology is the karboksylacja of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a crucial step in the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). This reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme that utilizes biotin as a cofactor. Another important biological karboksylacja occurs during fatty acid synthesis, where acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, also a biotin-dependent enzyme. These biological karboksylacje are vital for energy production, biosynthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways.

In industrial chemistry, karboksylacja reactions are employed in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. For instance, the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction involves the karboksylacja of sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure and at elevated temperatures to produce salicylic acid, a precursor to aspirin. The understanding and application of karboksylacja reactions are essential for both fundamental scientific research and the development of new chemical processes and products.