itiöstä
Itiöstä is the elative form of the Finnish noun itiö, meaning “from a spore.” In Finnish biology texts, itiö refers to a reproductive or dispersal unit produced by fungi, plants, and some bacteria. Spore-based life cycles rely on these resistant, usually single-celled units to survive harsh conditions and to spread to new environments. A spore can germinate into a new organism when conditions become favorable.
In fungi, spores are produced in several ways. Basidiospores form on basidia in basidiomycetes; ascospores form
Germination begins when environmental cues such as moisture, temperature, and nutrients indicate favorable conditions. Spores are
Spores are central to ecology and biodiversity, contributing to population dynamics, disease transmission in some pathogenic