isotoppeja

Isotoppeja (Finnish for isotopes) are variants of a chemical element that share the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses. Some are stable, others radioactive with characteristic half-lives.

Because they have identical electronic structures, isotopes typically exhibit nearly identical chemistry. Minor differences in mass can affect physical properties and reaction rates, a subtle effect known as the kinetic isotope effect.

Examples include carbon-12 and carbon-13 (both stable) and carbon-14 (radioactive); hydrogen-1 (protium), deuterium (hydrogen-2), and tritium (hydrogen-3). Isotopes are used in radiometric dating, tracer studies in biology, environmental science, and medical imaging and therapy, such as PET tracers and other radioisotopes.

Isotopic analysis helps determine age, origin, and processes of materials. Natural isotopic abundances occur in characteristic ratios, while enrichment increases the proportion of a chosen isotope for research or medical applications. Production and handling of radioactive isotopes require safety and regulatory oversight.