ionivaihtoryhmät
Ionivaihtoryhmät refer to functional groups that are capable of undergoing ion exchange reactions. These groups are typically polar and possess either a positive or negative charge, which can be exchanged with oppositely charged ions in a surrounding solution. The most common ionivaihtoryhmät are sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H) and quaternary ammonium groups (-N(CH3)3+). Sulfonic acid groups are acidic and can exchange their proton (H+) for other cations, such as sodium (Na+) or calcium (Ca2+). Quaternary ammonium groups are basic and can exchange their negatively charged counter-ion for other anions, such as chloride (Cl-) or sulfate (SO42-).
These functional groups are typically attached to an insoluble polymer matrix, forming ion-exchange resins. The properties