interkalációs

Interkalation is a process where one or more atoms, ions, or molecules are inserted into the spaces between layers or within the framework of a host material. This insertion is typically reversible and does not fundamentally alter the host structure, although it can cause some expansion. The guest species occupy interstitial sites, which are empty spaces in the crystal lattice of the host.

The term "interkalation" is frequently used in the context of layered materials, such as graphite or transition metal dichalcogenides. In graphite, for instance, alkali metals can be intercalated between the graphene layers, forming compounds like potassium graphite (C8K). This process is crucial for the performance of many rechargeable batteries, particularly lithium-ion batteries. The host material in a battery electrode, such as lithium cobalt oxide or graphite, allows lithium ions to intercalate and de-intercalate during charging and discharging cycles.

Other examples of intercalation include the insertion of water molecules into zeolites or the binding of DNA bases between base pairs in a DNA double helix. The ability of a material to undergo intercalation depends on factors such as the size and charge of the guest species, the available interstitial space in the host, and the strength of the interaction between the guest and the host. Intercalation compounds can exhibit unique electronic, magnetic, and optical properties compared to the pristine host material.