intencjonalnosc

Intencjonalność, or intentionalność in Polish, is a central concept in philosophy of mind and phenomenology describing the aboutness or directedness of mental states toward objects, states of affairs, or content. A mental state such as a perception, belief, desire, or fear is considered intentional because it is experienced as being about something, whether that object exists or not. In Brentano's original articulation, intentionality is the essential mark of the mental, setting mental phenomena apart from purely physical processes.

Key notions include the intentional object—the thing toward which a mental act is directed—and the content or direction of fit, whereby beliefs aim to fit the world and desires aim to change it. This framework allows for both concrete objects (a red ball) and abstract or fictional targets (the idea of a unicorn). Intencjonalność also accommodates non-existent objects, raising questions about how thoughts can be about things that do not exist.

Historically, the concept was developed by Franz Brentano in the late 19th century and later shaped by Edmund Husserl's phenomenology, which distinguished acts (noesis) from their objects (noema). The tradition has since been extended and contested by philosophers and cognitive scientists, who debate whether intentional content is mental representation, how it can be measured, and how it interacts with language and context. Debates also address externalist versus internalist accounts and the status of non-linguistic content.

Intencjonalność remains a foundational topic for theories of mind, perception, language, and artificial intelligence, influencing analyses of belief, memory, imagination, and epistemic justification. It raises enduring questions about the nature of mental content, how objects are represented, and the relation between thought and reality.