informationsbias

Informationsbias, or information bias, is a systematic error arising from inaccuracies in measuring or recording information about exposures, outcomes, or covariates. In research, information bias can distort estimates of associations between exposures and outcomes by misclassifying participants or by biased data collection. It can be differential (the error varies by outcome or exposure status) or non-differential (the error is similar across groups). Common forms include recall bias, when participants do not accurately remember past exposures; interviewer bias, where the investigator’s expectations influence how information is elicited; and measurement bias, stemming from faulty measurement tools or procedures. Reporting bias occurs when results are selectively reported or documented.

In epidemiology, information bias threatens internal validity and can mimic or obscure real associations. In other domains, information bias can arise from how information is collected, framed, or presented, shaping judgments and decisions.

To mitigate information bias, researchers employ standardized, validated instruments; use blinded assessors where possible; rely on objective data sources rather than self-report alone; train data collectors; pretest questionnaires; implement multiple data collection methods; address missing data; and perform sensitivity analyses to assess the potential impact of misclassification.

Understanding information bias involves distinguishing it from selection bias and confounding. Recognizing its sources during design and analysis helps ensure more accurate inference and interpretation of study results.